In 1986 Margaret founded the company Hamilton Technologies in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Also learn how She earned most of Margaret Hamilton networth? In 2009, Margaret Hamilton and fellow MIT software engineers described what is was like to contribute to the Apollo missions 40 years after the famous Apollo 11 landing in the Moon's Sea of Tranquility in July 1969. A former schoolteacher, she worked as a character actor in films for seven years before she was offered the role that defined her public image. Coming up with solutions and new ideas was an adventure. [37] Jack Garman, a NASA computer engineer in mission control, recognized the meaning of the errors that were presented to the astronauts by the priority displays and shouted, "Go, go!" It is possible to find relevant details of the biography of this extraordinary pioneer on many websites. From 1961 to 1963, Hamilton worked on the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) Project at the MIT Lincoln Lab,[14] where she was one of the programmers who wrote software for the prototype AN/FSQ-7 computer (the XD-1), used by the U.S. Air Force to search for possibly unfriendly aircraft. SAGE was soon developed for military use in anti-aircraft air defense. For her work during this period, Hamilton has been credited with popularizing the concept of software engineering. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. According to Wired's Karen Tegan Padir: "She, along with that other early programming pioneer, COBOL inventor Grace Hopper, also deserve tremendous credit for helping to open the door for more women to enter and succeed in STEM fields like software. [24] She worked to gain hands-on experience during a time when computer science courses were uncommon and software engineering courses did not exist. Among them, there were 6 in which the man stepped on the floor of the Moon. [59] Over time the term "software engineering" gained the same respect as any other technical discipline. (Apollo 13 aborted before landing due to an explosion in the command module's service area.). It was her code that enabled the human race to travel to the moon and back. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Hamilton next worked at MITs Instrumentation Laboratory (now the independent Charles Stark Draper Laboratory), which provided aeronautical technology for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Played Aunt Eva on the radio series Ethel and Albert in the 1940s and 1950s . If the latter case, this would be Hamilton's third but uncredited role. The computer was overloaded with interrupts caused by incorrectly phased power supplied to the lander's rendezvous radar. She was a distant cousin of Neil Hamilton, with whom she appeared in By Your Leave (1934). One of the many contributors to this effort was Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who led the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which in 1961 contracted with NASA to develop the Apollo programs guidance system. She strove to work as much as possible to support herself and her son; she never put herself under contract to any one studio and priced her services at $1,000 ($18,800 with inflation[4]) a week.[5]. She was born on August 17, 1936, which makes Margaret Hamilton age be 82 years old as of now. While a decision was made in the moment to let the astronauts land, Hamilton pointed out that a fault analysis was done to see where the error was made. She later attended Hathaway Brown School in Shaker Heights, Ohio, and practiced acting doing children's theater while a Junior League of Cleveland member. The Opportunity of a Lifetime. In 1954, she graduated from Thomas Hancock High School in Minnesota. A complete set of recovery programs was incorporated into the software. Her crisp voice with rapid but clear enunciation was another trademark. She became very concerned about the role's effect on children, and finally did a guest spot on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (1968) to explain that the Witch was just a character in the film, and not herself. In later years, Hamilton made frequent . Play Girl. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Margaret Hamilton (December 9, 1902 - May 16, 1985) was an American film actress known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. She portrayed the sister of Witchiepoo from H.R. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. [2] Before she turned to acting exclusively, her parents insisted she attend Wheelock College in Boston, which she did, later becoming a kindergarten teacher. Learn How rich is She in this year and how She spends money? Hamilton said: What they used to do when you came into this organization as a beginner, was to assign you this program which nobody was able to ever figure out or get to run. They're really scared for a second. Her most visible appearances during this period were as general store owner, Cora, in a national series of television commercials for Maxwell House coffee. Hamilton, M.; Hackler, W. R. (2004). Hamilton, a 24-year-old with an undergrad degree in mathematics, had gotten a job as a programmer at MIT, and the plan was for her to support her husband through his three-year stint at Harvard. A Slight Case of Murder. Hamilton's line from The Wizard of Oz "I'll get you, my pretty, and your little dog, too!" Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 1958. She later founded two software companiesHigher Order Software in 1976 and Hamilton Technologies in 1986, both in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 2019, she was awarded the Intrepid Lifetime Achievement Award. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, Her name was clearly visible when the entire Apollo 11 source code was released on GitHub in 2016; according to MIT, the first full line of the software read, "SUBMITTED: MARGARET H. HAMILTON DATE: 28 MAR 69 / M.H.HAMILTON, COLOSSUS PROGRAMMING LEADER / APOLLO GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION.". We had to find a way and we did. The man had reached the Moon. When she was 80 years old, on November 22, 2016, Margaret Hamilton received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, presented by the President of the United States, Barack Obama, for her work at NASA during the Apollo missions. Barack Obama presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2016. Mastodon: https://qoto.org/@howellspace. [30][31][32] The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all of its tasks in real time and had to postpone some of them. According to MIT, this was the first air defense system for the country and helped to push forward digital computing in the 1950s and 1960s. A brief history of the famous 1969 photo of the software that sent humans to the Moon. We have a full Biography, Photos, Theatre Credits, and more! NASA was so impressed with the software used in Apollo that the basis of it was adapted for Skylab (the first U.S. space station), the space shuttle (which ran more than 100 successful missions in Earth orbit and two fatal failures between 1981 and 2011) and the first digital fly-by-wire systems in aircraft. Margaret Hamilton was born on August 17, 1936. Heres how it works. Would spoof her famous role of The Wicked Witch of The West in a 1976 Paul Lynde Halloween Special for television. ", /system/people/detail_images/320_Margaret_Hamilton.jpg, /system/people/list_images/320_Margaret_Hamilton_320.jpg. She did a stint as a What's My Line? This overloaded the central processing unit during the landing, but fortunately, the software recovered in the heated moments before Apollo 11 touched down. five.[28]. [4] They divorced in 1967 and Margaret married Dan Lickly two years later.[80][82]. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The contract was awarded just weeks before then-President John F. Kennedy announced that he planned to have humans on the moon by the end of the decade. They like to hear it but they 'don't' like to hear it. It even printed out its answers in Latin and Greek. [63] Hamilton's innovations go beyond the feats of playing an important role in getting humans to the Moon. She lived in Manhattan for most of her adult life, and summered in a cottage on Cape Island, Southport, Maine. Check out Margaret Hamilton's Bio Now One of the many contributors to this effort was Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who led the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which in 1961 contracted with NASA to develop the Apollo programs guidance system. [27] Biography of Margaret Hamilton, American Computer Scientist, Biography of Elizabeth Barrett, British poet, Biography of Ursula von der Leyen, German politician, Biography of Isabel Zendal, Spanish nurse, Biography of Sheila Herrero, Spanish athlete, Biography of Genoveva Torres, Spanish religious. She was severely burned during the "Surrender Dorothy!" [7][9] She cites Florence Long, the head of the math department at Earlham, as helping with her desire to pursue abstract mathematics and become a mathematics professor. Las mejores ofertas para THE ALEXANDER HAMILTON READER margaret esther hall - PAPERBACK estn en eBay Compara precios y caractersticas de productos nuevos y usados Muchos artculos con envo gratis! This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 16:40. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". She later attended Hathaway Brown School in Shaker Heights, Ohio, and practiced acting doing children's theater while a Junior League of Cleveland member. Quote her most famous line, however, and watch their eyes blink awake with recognition: "I'll get you my pretty! Computer scientist Margaret Hamilton poses for a series of photos with the Apollo guidance software she and her team developed at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. Houston! We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Hamilton and Ray Bolger were cast members in the 1966 fantasy film The Daydreamer, a collection of stories by Hans Christian Andersen. It turned out that the astronaut checklist, which governed the actions the crew had to do before landing, had the crew set the rendezvous radar hardware switch in the wrong position. [14] On October 30, 1975, she guest-starred on the radio revival series CBS Radio Mystery Theater. She helped write the computer code for the command and lunar modules used on the Apollo missions to the Moon in the late 1960s and early 70s. Her net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022. Social Media Lead: We had to find a way and we did. '[8], Hamilton's stand-in and stunt double for the Witch, Betty Danko, also suffered an on-set accident on February 11, 1939. A former schoolteacher, she worked as a character actor in films for seven years before she was offered the role that defined her public image. Margaret Hamilton Computer Scientist MIT Computer scientist Margaret Hamilton poses with the Apollo guidance software she and her team developed at MIT. [14] The SAGE Project was an extension of Project Whirlwind, started by MIT to create a computer system that could predict weather systems and track their movements using simulators. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Margaret Heafield Hamilton (born Heafield on August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner.She is credited with coining the term, "software engineering".Hamilton was Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for the Apollo space program. (196566; Hamilton had been offered the role of Grandmama, but turned it down. Apollo 9 tested out the lunar module and command module together in Earth orbit for the first time, and then the two spacecraft were tested again in lunar orbit for Apollo 10. She subsequently developed Alzheimer's disease and died in her sleep following a heart attack on May 16, 1985 in Salisbury, Connecticut at the age of 82. She led a team that was tasked with developing the software for the guidance and control systems of the in-flight command and lunar modules of the Apollo missions. In recent years, a striking photo of Hamilton and her teams Apollo code has made the rounds on social media and in articles detailing her key contributions to Apollo 11's success. Margaret Hamilton (* 17. srpna 1936 Paoli) je americk softwarov inenrka a podnikatelka. So, how much is Margaret Hamilton worth at the age of 83 years old? !' She went on to appear in These Three (1936), Saratoga, You Only Live Once, When's Your Birthday?, Nothing Sacred (all 1937), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938), My Little Chickadee (with W. C. Fields, 1940), and The Sin of Harold Diddlebock (with Harold Lloyd, 1947). Hamilton was born in Cleveland, Ohio and practiced her craft doing children's theater while she was a Junior League of Cleveland member. She was portrayed by Fenella Woolgar in "Judy" (2019). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. What followed next were brief messages from Apollo 11 to Robledo de Chabela in Spain; and from Spain to Houston, where Margaret was; from Houston to Robledo; and from Robledo to Apollo 11. Margaret Hamilton was born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio, to Jennie (Adams) and Walter Hamilton. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. In The Paul Lynde Halloween Special (1976), she portrayed Lynde's housekeeper, reprising the Wicked Witch role, as well as introducing Lynde to the rock group Kiss. In later years, Hamilton appeared in films and made frequent cameo appearances on television sitcoms and commercials. (Revised December 29, 2004). Margaret Hamilton's net worth [81][14] The couple then moved to Boston, Massachusetts,[14] where they had a daughter, Lauren, born on November 10, 1959. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Phil Davis Required fields are marked *. Hamilton herself specifically concentrated on software to detect system errors and to recover information in a computer crash. So I was assigned this program and I actually got it to work. 1967) {Ex-Husband}, Your email address will not be published. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. One of the many contributors to this effort was Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who led the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which in 1961 contracted with NASA to develop the Apollo program's guidance system. Bill Dunford Margaret had already built her resume with several performances in film before she came to her most memorable and astronomically successful role, Almira Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz (1939). In the early 1960s Hamilton joined MITs Lincoln Laboratory, where she was involved in the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) project, the first U.S. air defense system. While her acting career developed, her marriage began to fail; the couple divorced in 1938. After she recuperated, she said, "I won't sue, because I know how this business works, and I would never work again. [2010]. [54][60] The IEEE Software September/October 2018 issue celebrates the 50th anniversary of software engineering. [10] She says her poet father and headmaster grandfather inspired her to include a minor in philosophy in her studies. Biography in: "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives". Discover Margaret Hamilton's Biography, Age, Height, Physical Stats, Dating/Affairs, Family and career updates. Only co-star Frank Morgan played more roles (five) in the film. We recommend you to check the complete list of Famous People born on 9 December. Mutual respect was across the board. NASA Science Social Media Consolidation FAQ, Questions and Answers for SMD Bridge Program Workshop Organizing Committee, Biological and Physical Sciences Advisory Committee, PI Launchpad: Developing Your First Flight Mission Proposal, PI Launchpad: Pre-application Information Session, Questions and Answers about the PI Launchpad 2021 Virtual Workshop, Questions and Answers about the PI Launchpad 2023 In-Person Workshop, Science Mission Directorate PI Launchpad Workshop, Nationwide Eclipse Ballooning Project (NEBP), Ocean Community Engagement and Awareness using NASA Earth Observations and Science for Hispanic/Latino students, Best Practices for Establishing Part-Time/Time-Limited Supervisory Opportunities, Science Career Opportunities Planning and Exploration Workshop. Three minutes before the lunar lander reached the Moon's surface, several computer alarms were triggered. In the 1960s, Hamilton was a regular on another CBS soap opera, The Secret Storm, playing the role of Grace Tyrell's housekeeper, Katie. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. As a girl, Hamilton loved math and science. Click here if you want to see this biography in Spanish translation. Hamilton, now an independent computer scientist, described for MIT News in 2009 her contributions to the Apollo software which last month was added in its entirety to the code-sharing site GitHub: From my own perspective, the software experience itself (designing it, developing it, evolving it, watching it perform and learning from it for future systems) was at least as exciting as the events surrounding the mission. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Your email address will not be published. In this famous MIT lab, her team developed the navigation software for the Apollo Space Program. [11], In Boston, Hamilton initially intended to enroll in graduate study in abstract mathematics at Brandeis University. Hamilton made her debut as a "professional entertainer" on December 9, 1929, in a "program of 'heart rending songs'" in the Charles S. Brooks Theater at the Cleveland Play House. In 1973, Hamilton produced the stage production of An Evening with the Bourgeoisie. If the computer hadn't recognized this problem and taken recovery action, I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful moon landing it was. President Barack Obama presents Apollo code developer Margaret Hamilton (at left) and "Apollo 13" actor Tom Hanks (right) with the Presidential Medal of Freedom on Nov. 22, 2016. Elizabeth Howell (she/her), Ph.D., is a staff writer in the spaceflight channel since 2022 covering diversity, education and gaming as well. [38] Paul Curto, senior technologist who nominated Hamilton for a NASA Space Act Award, called Hamilton's work "the foundation for ultra-reliable software design".[23]. Without exaggeration, it could be said that the heroes of the arrival to the Moon were four: Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins and Margaret Hamilton. While studying mathematics and philosophy at Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana, she met James Hamilton, and they subsequently married. [54][55][56] Hamilton details how she came to make up the term "software engineering": When I first came up with the term, no one had heard of it before, at least in our world. The mirrors at the Ivanpah plant were configured to create a picture of Hamilton and the Apollo 11 by moonlight. However, once there, she preferred to accept work at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), as a software developer. The on-board flight software captured these alarms with the "never supposed to happen displays" interrupting the astronauts with priority alarm displays. Biography of Margaret Hamilton, American scientist, notable computer scientist who worked at NASA in support of Apollo missions. In 2009, she received the Outstanding Alumni Award by. "Kindergarten Lost Margaret Hamilton." [66], She met her first husband, James Cox Hamilton,[80] in the mid-1950s while attending college. On August 17, 1936, Margaret Hamilton (ne Heafield) was born to Kenneth Heafield and Ruth Esther Heafield in Paoli, Indiana. Hamilton played two credited roles in the famous film: Almira Gulch and the Wicked Witch of the West. Margaret Hamilton was born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio, to Jennie (Adams) and Walter Hamilton. "Deeply Integrated Guidance Navigation Unit (DI-GNU) Common Software Architecture Principles". Had one child, son, Hamilton Wadsworth Meserve, on June 12, 1936. Searching to find out more about Margaret Hamilton? From my own perspective, the software experience itself (designing it, developing it, evolving it, watching it perform and learning from it for future systems) was at least as exciting as the events surrounding the mission. A few months after filming Oz, she appeared in Babes in Arms (1939) as Jeff Steele's aunt, Martha, a society do-gooder who made it her goal to send the gang of child actors, led by Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland, to a work farm. There was no second chance. Volume One, 1981-1985, pages 360-361. From 1961 to 1963, she worked at MIT on an unknown aircraft trajectory tracking project. Elizabeth first got interested in space after watching the movie Apollo 13 in 1996, and still wants to be an astronaut someday. She graduated from Hancock High School and studied at the University . Margaret Hamilton. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Margaret H. Hamilton is a computer scientist who was instrumental to NASA's efforts to land humans on the moon in the 1960s and 1970s. In the episode, entitled "Triptych for a Witch," Hamilton played the title role. With the error addressed, the lunar landings for Apollos 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17 were made possible. MIT Museum: Margaret Hamilton Apollo Photos. In 1976, Hamilton co-founded with Saydean Zeldin a company called Higher Order Software (HOS)[40] to further develop ideas about error prevention and fault tolerance emerging from their experience at MIT working on the Apollo program. Coming up with solutions and new ideas was an adventure. [1], On November 22, 2016, Hamilton received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from president Barack Obama for her work leading to the development of on-board flight software for NASA's Apollo Moon missions. By continuing to use the site, you agree to the use of cookies. Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on Wed, 2022-06-01 07:53, By Maia Weinstock | MIT News Office Omissions? By Maia Weinstock | MIT News Office [48] Others have used HOS to formalize the semantics of linguistic quantifiers,[49] and to formalize the design of reliable real-time embedded systems. As she grew, she quickly developed a passion for mathematics and decided to work in this domain. NY 10036. Half a century ago, MIT played a critical role in the development of the flight software for NASAs Apollo program, which landed humans on the Moon for the first time in 1969. [4] She studied mathematics at the University of Michigan in 1955 before transferring to Earlham College, where her mother was a student;[7][8] she earned a BA in mathematics with a minor in philosophy in 1958. DAAAE30-02-D-1020 and DAAB07-98-D-H502/0180, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, 20032004. The Directors verdict reached Neil on the radio: GO, Go ahead, free. What I do?!!! They married in the late 1950s, after she graduated in mathematics. CAPE ISLAND Tour boat operators sometimes entertained their passengers by referring to Cape Island as "Witch's Island." That's because the primary resident there, during summers from 1961 to 1985, was Margaret Hamilton, the actor who played the Wicked Witch of the West and Elmira Gulch in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz.. It meant that if Aldrin, say, hit a button on the priority display too quickly, he might still get a "normal" response. was ranked 99th in the 2005 American Film Institute survey of the most memorable movie quotes. I said to myself, 'Oh, boy, The Wizard of Oz! In March 1986, she founded Hamilton Technologies, Inc. in Cambridge, Massachusetts. As Neil Armstrong was already preparing to bring the ship down, the computer started displaying two errors: error 1201 and error 1202. [13][14][15] Her work contributed to Lorenz's publications on chaos theory. Garland visited Hamilton while the latter recuperated at home looking after her son. She often remarked about children coming up to her and asking her why she had been so mean to Dorothy. Margaret Hamilton was born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio, to Jennie (Adams) and Walter Hamilton. and they continued. Margaret Hamilton was born Margaret Heafield on August 17, 1936 in Paoli, Indiana. It was July 20, 1969. Elizabeth holds a Ph.D. and M.Sc. For her work, she was honored with the Presidential Medal. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A brief history of the famous 1969 photo of the software that sent humans to the Moon. They're clapping at hearing the sound again.[11]. [4][5] The family later moved to Michigan,[6] where Margaret graduated from Hancock High School in 1954. Elizabeth is also a post-secondary instructor in communications and science since 2015. In 1933, Hamilton was invited to repeat her stage role of the sarcastic daughter-in-law in the Broadway play Another Language for the MGM film version. She studied mathematics at the University of Michigan in the 1950s and later earned a BA in mathematics with a minor in philosophy from Earlham College in 1958. "The award included the largest financial award that NASA had ever presented to any individual up to that point. [36], When Hamilton started using the term "software engineering" during the early Apollo missions,[57] software development was not taken seriously compared to other engineering,[58] nor was it regarded as a science. It is ironic that her performance as the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz (1939) was so scary to children, because her first job was as a kindergarten teacher. Qualification: BA in Mathematics with a Minor in Philosophy, College: Earlham College, University of Michigan, Profession: Computer Scientist, Systems Engineer and Business Owner, Known For: Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed On-board Flight Software for NASAs Apollo Space Program, James Cox Hamilton; (m. 1958; div. We knew that. She appeared on an episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood in 1975 where she explained to children she was only playing a role and showed how putting on a costume "transformed" her into the witch. (Image credit: The White House via collectSPACE.com). Her son, interviewed for the 2005 DVD edition of the film, commented that Hamilton enjoyed the line so much, she sometimes used it in her real life. At MIT she began programming software to predict the weather and did postgraduate work in meteorology. The pipe exploded on the third take of the scene. At the time, no schools taught software engineering, so the team members had to work out any problems on their own. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Profiled in "American Classic Screen Interviews" (Scarecrow Press). [23] This included error detection and recovery software such as restarts and the Display Interface Routines (also known as the Priority Displays), which Hamilton designed and developed. She coined the term software engineer because she felt that the work she and her team were doing was just as important and just as much engineering as the other work on the Apollo spacecraft. Margaret Hamilton Storey (July 31, 1900 - October 18, 1960) was an American museum curator, herpetologist and ichthyologist.She worked for the Stanford University Natural History Museum for over 25 years. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In 1962, Hamilton played Leora Scofield, a suffragette who arrives in Laramie, Wyoming, to bolster feminist causes in a territory where women had already obtained the right to vote, in the episode "Beyond Justice" of NBC's Laramie. Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 May 16, 1985) was an American actress and educator. With the intention of pursuing graduate studies, Margaret moved to Massachusetts. For other people named Margaret Hamilton, see. [1] Her remains were cremated at Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery, and her ashes were scattered in Amenia, New York.[20]. It then sent out an alarm, which meant to the astronaut, 'I'm overloaded with more tasks than I should be doing at this time and I'm going to keep only the more important tasks'; i.e., the ones needed for landing Actually, the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions. And I asked him what part, and he said, 'The Witch,' and I said, 'The Witch?!' Corrections? [2], Margaret Elaine Heafield was born August 17, 1936, in Paoli, Indiana,[3] to Kenneth Heafield and Ruth Esther Heafield (ne Partington).
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