Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure Careers. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationships among well-being in university students before and during the onset of COVID-19 with PsyCap and coping strategies. Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Sixty-three percent of the students were employed (n = 384) and the remaining 37% were unemployed (n = 225). Seligmans (2011) PERMA model is one of the most highly regarded models of well-being. All of these changes may have influenced students health Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Instead of worrying about our ambiguous future, focus on solving immediate problems. Recognize that the current circumstances are hard for everyone. Prior to COVID-19, the PsyCap dimensions of optimism and self-efficacy were significant predictors of well-being. Psychological Capital Questionnaire Short Version (PCQ-12) American Psychologist, 56(3), 227238. Risk perceptions, fear, depression, anxiety, stress and coping among Saudi nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. A non-empirical research design was adopted for this study. Published 2022. Interestingly, after the onset of the pandemic, the predictor role of certain PsyCap dimensions shifted. Can I Really Be Burnt Out Because Of Working From Home? https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v10i2.855, Lipson, S. K., Lattie, E. G., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). 2023 Feb 8;20(4):2988. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20042988. Coping strategies that predicted change in PERMA were used for mediation analysis. Over the past decade, PsyCap has been applied to university student development and mental health. Indeed, optimism and hope each uniquely predict a major proportion of variance of the change in well-being and may together help students to face an uncertain future (M. W. Gallagher & Lopez, 2009). University Students and Mental Health (2010). 2022 Oct 27;19(21):13994. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192113994. Even something as simple as turning on your webcam during virtual classes can help you and others feel more connected. A suffering generation: Six factors contributing to the mental health crisis in North American higher education. Students use of self-blame (mean), Fig 9. Among the PERMA elements, engagement and physical health were least impacted by COVID-19, whereas students experiences of positive emotion and negative emotion were the factors that were largely affected. Simon & Schuster. Guided imagery can also be a useful and effective tool to help stressed students cope with academic, social, and other stressors. Mediation models were carried out with bootstrapping procedure with a 95% confidence interval. Gallagher RP. L = Loneliness. Key findings are that the optimism, hope, and resilience dimensions of PsyCap are significant predictors of well-being, explaining a large amount of variance, with adaptive coping being conducive to flourishing. There are a number of research-based approaches offered in the field of positive psychology to guide mental health professionals to facilitate development of PsyCap and other important well-being correlates. Routledge Academic. Is there a significant difference in the well-being of university students prior to the onset of COVID-19 (reported retrospectively) and after the onset of COVID-19? WebSupport in faith was a positive predictor for perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. The connection between our physical body and our mental health is important and may be something worth exploring when thinking about staying mentally healthy. 2021. WebCoping Strategies Used by Student Nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Literature Review. 2021 Apr;30(2):194-201. doi: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1922636. Research Question 2 American Psychological Association. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127152. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. Cluster analysis for strategies of. Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing, lockdowns, cancelled or limited leisure activities and tutorials and supervision for students taking place digital. PsyCap is a state-like construct that consists of four dimensions: hope (H), self-efficacy (E), resilience (R), and optimism (O), often referred to by the acronym HERO (F. Luthans et al., 2007). This study is qualitative research with a case B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). PsyCap is defined as an, individuals positive psychological state of development characterized by (1) having confidence (self-efficacy) to take on and put in the necessary effort to succeed at challenging tasks; (2) making a positive attribution (optimism) about succeeding now and in the future; (3) persevering toward goals and, when necessary, redirecting paths to goals (hope) in order to succeed; and (4) when beset by problems and adversity, sustaining and bouncing back and even beyond (resilience) to attain success. The coronavirus pandemic is pushing America into a mental health crisis. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpr051, Dello Russo, S., & Stoykova, P. (2015). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 877891. Coefficients of determination for models predicting well-being from PsyCap dimensions ranged from 4% to 28%. A structural equation model of achievement emotions, coping strategies and engagement-burnout in undergraduate students: A possible underlying mechanism in facets of perfectionism. (2013). Each subscale is measured by two items and is assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. Youth can The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. Distanced learning. All rights reserved. The questionnaire included items related to age, gender, race/ethnicity, relationship status, education classification, and employment status. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1916, Primack, B. Students are dealing with a variety of social-emotional issues during the COVID-19 pandemic from a lack of basic resources in the home, such as food, a deficit in coping skills, or perhaps a lack of internet access. Ask your supervisor for help. While PsyCap directly relates to well-being and coping strategies relate to well-being, our findings indicated that coping strategies also played a significant mediating role in the relationship between PsyCap and well-being. Johnson (2020) indicated that 35% of students reported increased anxiety associated with a move from face-to-face to online learning in the spring 2020 semester, matching the early phases of the COVID-19 outbreak. Indirect Effect of Psychological Capital on PERMA Factors Through Coping Strategies (Mediators), Note. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 148. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1469738, Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). The age of participants ranged from 18 to 66 (M = 27.36, SD = 9.9). Structural equation modeling was used to examine whether coping strategies mediate PsyCaps effect on well-being. Findings are discussed in three areas: reduction in well-being related to COVID-19, shift in predictive roles of PsyCap HERO dimensions, and coping strategies as a mediator. In this study, we explored these questions with a sample of graduate and College student retention: An exploration of the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and purpose in life among university students. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v8n10p102. Following the biopsychosocial model of health, the goal of the current study was to predict peoples psychological well-being (PWB) during the initial lockdown phase of the pandemic and to investigate which coping strategies were most common among people with low and high Results indicated that PsyCap affected well-being both directly and indirectly through coping strategies. Further, the present findings highlight the importance of examining the relationships between each element of well-being and with each HERO dimension. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. In Poland, the transfer to online teaching was announced without prior warning, which radically changed students' daily functioning. Karen. Strategies and programming to develop wellness can be delivered in one-on-one sessions with students, as well as in group settings, and may have either a prevention or intervention focus. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 7382. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 310. Twenge, J. M. (2017). University students faced unprecedented challenges and stressors, especially Asian An invitation to participate, which included a link to an informed consent form and the survey, was distributed to all university students at two large U.S. public institutions in the Midwest and the South via campus-wide electronic mailing lists. Objectives To assess the psychological distress, anxiety, depression, coping strategies, The majority of the participants were full time students (82%, n = 498) compared to part-time students (18%, n = 111). Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339366. OH You might feel unmotivated now. (2018). Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. International journal of mental health nursing. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813517003, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Jensen, S. M. (2012). And having to stay home can be lonely. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352, Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Many things can impact this including our physical health. Establish a routine. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197, Klussman, K., Nichols, A. L., Langer, J., & Curtin, N. (2020). Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207222. National Survey of College Counseling Centers 2014. International Association of Counseling Services, Inc. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/28178. Look for tasks you can postpone or simply eliminate from your to-do list. -. Using a sample of professional traders, we find a significant decrease in agreeableness and locus of control and a moderate decrease in grit. Counselors could help university students benefit from attending to, appreciating, and attaining lifes positives (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009) and from enhancing the strength and frequency of employing positive coping strategies through targeted psychoeducational or counseling interventions. The survey link was also distributed via a national counselor education listserv, and it was shared on the authors social media platforms. Miyazaki, Y., Bodenhorn, N., Zalaquett, C., & Ng, K.-M. (2008). Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(3), 387393. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article Positive psychologists have asserted that studies of wellness and flourishing are important in understanding adaptive behaviors and the potential for growth from challenging circumstances (Joseph & Linley, 2008; Seligman, 2011). (2008). At a time of significant stress, promoting the highest human performance and adaptation not only helps with well-being in the midst of the challenge but also can provide a foundation for future potential for optimal well-being (Joseph & Linley, 2008). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Umucu, E., Wu, J.-R., Sanchez, J., Brooks, J. M., Chiu, C.-Y., Tu, W.-M., & Chan, F. (2020). A negative relationship was found between the self-confident approach, seeking social support and the students anxiety levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multivariate multiple regression was carried out to understand the predictive role of PsyCap on PERMA at two time points (before and during COVID-19). Cut through misinformation by relying on reputable sources like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization. After a thorough review of the literature, three standardized measures were identified for use in the study along with a brief survey for demographic information. Journal of Health Management, 16(2), 315326. Data Collection Procedures Indeed, the emerging literature paints a bleak picture of college students experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interestingly, using emotional support also showed a similar mediating link between resilience and PERMA, but not for the factors of loneliness and negative emotion. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing, lockdowns, cancelled or limited leisure activities and tutorials and supervision for students taking place digital. The scoping review aimed to, Journal of professional nursing : official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Seligmans multidimensional model integrates both hedonic and eudaimonic views of well-being, and each of the well-being components is seen to have the following three properties: (a) it contributes to well-being, (b) it is pursued for its own sake, and (c) it is defined and measured independently from the other components (Seligman, 2011). Front. Shift in Predictive Roles of PsyCap HERO Dimensions The results also showed that the youngest students had the lowest coping skills. Studies show that all five pillars of well-being in the PERMA model are associated with better academic outcomes in students, such as improved college life adjustment, achievement, and overall life satisfaction (Butler & Kern, 2016; DeWitz et al., 2009; Tansey et al., 2018). (2019). The effect size of the change in well-being for PERMA elements was 38%, p2 = .380, a high effect size (Cohen, 1988). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903157166, Gallagher, R. P. (2014). What is the predictive relationship of PsyCap on well-being prior to the onset of COVID-19 and after the onset of COVID-19? We utilized a correlational cross-sectional study design; therefore, although PsyCap was predictive of change in well-being before and during COVID-19, neither causation nor directionality can be assumed. Such factors as age, gender, and place of residence influenced the choice of specific strategies of coping with stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. Atria Books. The results allow for concluding that the students' maladaptive strategies of coping with stress, especially during the pandemic, may result in long-term consequences for their psychophysiological health and academic achievements. COVID-19 has led to global dramatic shifts in daily life. An official website of the United States government. (2009). Chronicle of Higher Education. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 221230. Interventions that are described as well-being approaches rather than those that highlight pathologies are less stigmatizing (Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010; Umucu et al., 2020) than traditional deficit-based therapeutic approaches. Epub 2021 May 12. For the present study, reliability scores were high for four pillarspositive emotion ( = .88), relationships ( = .83), meaning ( = .89), accomplishment ( = .82); high for the subscales of negative emotion ( = .73) and physical health ( = .85); and moderate for the pillar of engagement ( = .65). J Ment Health. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 548556. These are potential areas of practice for college counselors and counselors serving university students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2015.0088. This instrument is used widely in studies with university students (e.g., Madhyastha et al., 2014; Miyazaki et al., 2008). Psychol. Consistent with prior research (Avey, Reichard et al., 2011; F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; Youssef-Morgan & Luthans, 2015), we found that PsyCap predicted well-being. (2009). Future researchers should consider issues of internal consistency as they choose scales and interpret results. Before the onset of COVID-19, 23% of the variance in well-being was explained by the PsyCap dimensions (R2 = .23, p < .001), with self-efficacy and optimism as the most significant predictors of well-being. Crown. Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). McGonigal, J. Factorial structure of Brief COPE for international students attending U.S. colleges. Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 6063. After cleaning the data, 197 surveys were excluded from the data analyses. Methods: This article used narrative literature review to explore literature review from the following databases namely Web of Science, Google, COVID-19 has impacted every aspect of life around the world. Try mindfulness apps. https://news.gallup.com/poll/249098/americans-stress-worry-anger-intensified-2018.aspx. Sci Prog. Think about the things you have done in the past that have brought you joy or helped you manage your stress. Now is my chance to help others. Coping Through the Coronavirus. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). The potentialities of online teaching allowed a didactic continuity that would have been impossible otherwise, and this approach is likely to be Cluster analysis for strategies of coping with stress. Researchers have recommended coping skills training for university students to modify maladaptive coping strategies and enhance pre-existing adaptive coping styles to optimal levels (Madhyastha et al., 2014). Similarly, religion also tended to be an adaptive coping strategy during the pandemic. Positive psychological capital development: A field study by the Solomon four group design. The overall reliability coefficient of well-being items is very high ( = .94). Coping with COVID-19-related stress as Coping in the era of coronavirus: A webinar for students, APA electronic resources available for distance learning, Free Access to the Publication Manual and Other Resources During the Coronavirus Pandemic. I UI Undergraduate (n = 142), II UII Undergraduate (n = 100), III UIII Undergraduate (n = 104), I GI Graduate (n = 66), II GII Graduate (n = 70), I-III MI-III uniform Masters studies (n = 64), IV-V MIV-V uniform Masters studies (n = 31). Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Brief COPE Questionnaire Its enough to let them know theyre not alone. Coping Strategies as a Mediator Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. Implications and recommendations for psychoeducation and counseling interventions to promote PsyCap and adaptive coping strategies in university students are presented. Listen to childrens concerns. Good relationships, good performance: The mediating role of psychological capital: A three-wave study among students. Data was gathered from 577 students from 17 universities. Although mental health distress has been an issue on college campuses prior to the pandemic (Flatt, 2013; Lipson et al., 2019), COVID-19 has and will continue to magnify this phenomenon. Relationship of Demographic Factors, Psychological Capital, and Coping Strategies With Change in PERMA Elements, Note. Identify strategies to use to take care of your body, your mind, your spirit, your relationships, your work. Two significant challenges to counseling professionals on college campuses are the lack of resources to adequately respond to mental health concerns among students and the stigma associated with accessing services (R. P. Gallagher, 2014; Michaels et al., 2015). We examined whether the COVID-19 context shaped the efficacy of particular strategies to promote well-being. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063414526124, Masten, A. S. (2001). Journal of Affective Disorders. (2015). Psychological capital intervention (PCI): A replication and extension. Cleveland, Support expected during the pandemic: Type and source. Westers recommends trying some of these techniques to help your child cope with back-to-school anxiety during COVID-19: Validate and listen to any concerns. Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. Psychol. -, Beiter R, Nash R, McCrady M, Rhoades D, Linscomb M, Clarahan M, et al.. Kozakiewicz A, Izdebski Z, Biaorudzki M, Mazur J. Int J Environ Res Public Health. B., & Everette James, A. Students substance use (mean) and, Fig 8. Point-biserial correlation and Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationships of demographic variables, PsyCap, and coping strategies with change in PERMA scores. Moderate level of perceived stress is indicated among the BSc Nursing students studying in nursing colleges located in Pune, with mean perceived stress score of the students Nurses being 21.88, and the mean coping strategies score was 74.38. Copyright 2023 National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. and Affiliates. Teaching university students active coping strategies, such as positive reframing and how to access emotional support, could help them cope with adverse situations. The impact of business school students psychological capital on academic performance. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1560229. Webstudents felt a lack of motivation, anxiety, stress, and isolation. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267. doi: 10.2196/22817. Michaels, P. J., Corrigan, P. W., Kanodia, N., Buchholz, B., & Abelson, S. (2015). Participants reported higher levels of negative emotion and loneliness after the onset of COVID-19, and a decrease in positive emotion. Participants were asked to complete the well-being assessment twicefirst, by responding as they recalled their well-being prior to COVID-19, and second, by responding as they reflected on their well-being during the pandemic. Both courses trained students to respond to chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives incidents. Mental health priorities: Stigma elimination and community advocacy in college settings. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92100. WebMaintain adequate nutrition by eating three healthy meals per day; now is a great time to try new recipes! Each item is rated on an 11-point scale ranging from never (0) to always (10), or not at all (0) to completely (10). Perhaps youre juggling your childrens educational needs as well as your own. In Poland, the transfer to online teaching was announced without prior warning, which official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Pandemic-Related Stress and Other Emotional Difficulties in a Sample of Men and Women Living in Romantic Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic. WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). Students use of religious coping, Fig 7. To avoid being overwhelmed, set limits on your media consumption and smartphone use. Indirect effects describing pathways from PsyCap factors to PERMA factors through identified coping strategies were tested for mediating roles. Your classmates and family members are anxious, too. Thus, in general, internal consistency reliability coefficients tend to be relatively smaller ( = .5 to .9). And there are ways to lessen your stress. Connection and disconnection as predictors of mental health and wellbeing. Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, However, during the pandemic, the covariance of the PsyCap dimensions with well-being increased to 39% (R2 = .39, p < .01). Psychological capital and beyond. The COVID-19 pandemic has meant additional stress, fear, and worry for many families. Yet, despite the rapid emergence of these important studies, we still know little about how college students . Or maybe youve stayed put and worry about your family. Wiley. WebOwning Your Feelings & Moving Through Emotional Discomfort. Worry and stress fuel record drop in U.S. life satisfaction. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20070, Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1984). (Eds.). Gallup. These include approaches to building positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2009); coping strategies, which were found in this study to boost well-being (Jardin et al., 2018; Lyubomirsky, 2008); and effective goal pursuits (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, Assessing the effects of a personal effectiveness training on psychological capital, assertiveness and self-awareness using self-other agreement. You dont have to fix their problems. Further, PsyCap HERO dimensions were negatively correlated to negative emotion and loneliness. Universities across the country closed for in-person instruction and activities, transitioning to remote learning. College Student Journal, 42(3), 795-806. 2015;173: 9096. The neurobiology research shows us that relationships and connections are important in mitigating the effects of trauma. Therefore, this Web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among university students from Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Conclusions: Coping strategies are significant predictors for mental health OH Of course, its good to stay informed, especially about whats happening in your area.
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